Aagard, A., C.G. Warman, and M.H. Depledge. 1995. Tidal and seasonal changes in the temporal and spatial distribution of foraging Carcinus maenas in the weakly tidal littoral zone of Kerteminde Fjord, Denmark. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 122: 165-172.

Ashkenas, L.R. and J. Atema. 1978. A salt marsh predator-prey relationship: attack behavior of Carcinus maenas (L.) and defenses of Ilyanassa obsoleta (Say). Biological Bulletin, 155: 426.

Atema, J. and D. Stenzler. 1977. Alarm substance of the marine mud snail, Nassarius obsoletus: biological characterization and possible evolution. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 3(2): 173- 187.

Berrill, M. 1982. The life cycle of the green crab Carcinus maenas at the northern end of its range. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 2(1): 31-39.

Berrill, M. and M. Arsenault. 1982. Mating behavior of the green shore crab Carcinus maenas. Bulletin of Marine Science, 32(2): 632-638.

Beukema, J.J. 1991. The abundance of shore crabs Carcinus maenas (L.) on a tidal flat in the Wadden Sea after cold and mild winters. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 153: 97-113.

Brenchley, G.A. 1982. Predation on encapsulated larvae by adults: Effects of introduced species on the gastropod Ilyanassa obsoleta. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 9: 255-262.

Bulnheim, H.-P., and S. Bahns. 1996. Genetic variation and divergence in the genus Carcinus (Crustacea, Decapoda). Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie, 81(4): 611-619.

Carlton, J.T. 1996a. Pattern, process, and prediction in marine invasion ecology. Biological Conservation, 78(1-2): 97-106.

Carlton, J.T. 1996b. Biological invasion and cryptogenic species. Ecology, 77(6): 1653-1655.

Carlton, J.T. and J.B. Geller. 1993. Ecological Roulette: the global transport of nonindigenous marine organisms. Science, 261: 78-82.

Cohen, A.N. and J.T. Carlton. 1995. Nonindigenous aquatic species in a United States estuary: a case study of the biological invasions of the San Francisco Bay and Delta. <http://sgnis.org/publicat/cc1.htm>. (1/31/99).

Cohen, A.N., J.T. Carlton and M.C. Fountain. 1995. Introduction, dispersal and potential impacts of the green crab Carcinus maenas in San Francisco Bay, California. Marine Biology, 122: 225-237

Cullins, V. 1997. Prevention of introduction of the European green crab Carcinus maenas to the marine environments of Hawaii: Methods to avoid marine invasions. <http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/bot350/1997/cullins/gcrab~1.htm> (1/31/99).

Cunningham, P.N., and R.N. Hughes. 1984. Learning of predatory skills by shore crabs Carcinus maenas feeding on mussels and dogwhelks. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 16: 21-26.

Elner, R. W. 1981. Diet of green crab Carcinus maenas (L.) from Port Hebert, Southwestern Nova Scotia. Journal of Shellfish Research, 1(1): 89-94.

Elner, R.W. and D.G. Raffaelli. 1980. Interactions between two marine snails, Littorina rudis (Maton) and Littorina nigrolineata (Gray), a predator, Carcinus maenas (L.), and a parasite, Meirophallus similus (Jägerskiold). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 43: 151-160.

Eriksson, S. and A.M. Edlund. 1977. On the ecological energetics of the O-group Carcinus maenas (L.) from a shallow sandy bottom in Gullamar Fjord, Sweden. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 30: 233-248.

Gonzalez-Gurriarán, E. 1986. Seasonal changes of benthic megafuana in the Ría de Muros e Noia (Galicia, North-West Spain). II. Decapod crustaceans (Brachyura). Marine Biology, 92: 201-210.

Griffiths, C.L., P.A.R. Hockey, C. van Erkom Schurink and P.J. Le Roux. 1992. Marine invasive aliens on South African Shores: Implications for community structure and trophic functioning. South African Journal of Marine Science, 12: 713-722.

Grosholz, E.D. 1996. Contrasting rates of spread for introduced species in terrestrial and marine systems. Ecology, 77(6): 1680-1686.

Grosholz, E., D. Hedgecock, and G. Ruiz. 1995. Impact of the Recently Introduced Green Crab on Invertebrate and Shorebird Populations. Marine Biology, 126(1): 56-61.

Grosholz, E.D. and G. M. Ruiz. 1995. Spread and potential impact of the recently introduced European green crab, Carcinus maenas, in central California. Marine Biology, 122: 239-247.

Grosholz, E.D. and G.M. Ruiz. 1996. Predicting the impact of introduced species: Lessons from the multiple invasions of the European green crab Carcinus maenas. Biological Conservation, 78: 59-66.

Hadlock, R.P. 1980. Alarm response of the intertidal snail Littorina littorea (L.) to predation by the crab Carcinus maenas (L.). Biological Bulletin, 159: 269-279.

Hughes, R.N. and R.W. Elner. 1979. Tactics of a predator, Carcinus maenas, and morphological responses of the prey, Nucella lapillus. Journal of Animal Ecology, 48: 65-78.

Juanes, F. 1992. Why do decapod crustaceans prefer small-sized molluscan prey? Marine Ecology Progress Series, 87: 239-249.

Johannesson, B. 1986. Shell morphology of Littorina saxatilus Olivi: The relative importance of physical factors and predation. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 102: 183-195.

Kelley, D.F. 1987. Food for bass in U.K. waters. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 67(2): 275-286.

Lafferty, K.D. and A.M. Kuris. 1996. Biological control of marine pests. Ecology, 77: 1989-2000.

Lee, S.Y. and R. Seed. 1992. Ecological implications of cheliped size in crabs: Some data from Carcinus maenas and Liocarcinus holsatus. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 84: 151-160.

Le Roux, P.J., G.M. Branch, and M.A.P. Joska. 1990. On the distribution, diet and possible impact of the invasive European shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.) Along the South African coast. South African Journal of Marine Science, 9: 85-93.

MER Assesment Corporation. Enhancement of recruitment of the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria. 2/18/97. <http://gray.maine.com/mer/bpproj.htm - Link No Longer Active> (10 April 1999).

Moody, K.E. and R.S. Steneck. 1993. Mechanisms of predation among large decapod crustaceans of the Gulf of Maine coast: Functional vs. phylogenetic patterns. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 168(1): 111-124.

Museum Victoria. 1999. European Shore Crab. Marine Crustaceans of Southern Australia. <http://www.mov.vic.gov.au/crust/mov1658t.html>

Naylor, E. 1962. Seasonal changes in a population of Carcinus maenas (L.) In the littoral zone. Journal of Animal Ecology, 35: 601-609.

Raloff, J. 1998. European crab leaps to Pacific prominence. Science News Online (6/13/98). <http://www.sciencenews.org/sn_arc98/6_13_98/fob2.htm>. 1/31/99.

Reimchen, T.E. 1982. Shell size divergence in Littorina mariae and L. obtusata and predation by crabs. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60(4): 687-695.

Ropes, J.W. 1967. The feeding habits of the green crab, Carcinus maenas (L.). Fishery Bulletin of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 67(2): 183-203.

Ruiz, G.M., J.T. Carlton, E.D. Grosholz, and A.H. Hines. 1997. Global invasions of marine and estuarine habitats by non-indigenous species: Mechanisms, extent, and consequences. American Zoologist, 37(6): 621-632.

Sanchez-Salazar, M.E., C.L. Griffiths, and R. Seed. 1987. The effect of size and temperature on the predation of cockles Cerastoderma edule (L.) by the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 111: 181-193.

Stein, B.A. and S.R. Flack. 1996. "Green Crab." America's Least Wanted: Alien Species Invasions of U.S. Ecosystems. The Nature Conservancy. <http://www.natureserve.org/publications/leastwanted/crab.html> 1/31/99

Tangley, L. 1998. Unwelcome sea voyagers: Marine stowaways take advantage of increased global trade and travel. U.S. News and World Report, 26 Oct. 1998: 54-55

Thrush, S.F. 1986. Community structure on the floor of a sea-lough: Are large epibenthic predators important. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 104(1-3): 171-183.

Vermeij, G.J. 1982. Environmental change and the evolutionary history of the periwinkle Littorina littorea in North America. Evolution, 36: 561- 580.

Vermeij, G.J. 1996. An agenda for invasion biology. Biological Conservation, 78(1-2): 3-9.

Weiss, H.M. Marine Animals of Southern New England and New York. State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. Bulletin 115. 1995.

Welch, W.R. 1969. Changes in abundance of the green crab, Carcinus maenas (L.), in relation to recent temperature changes. Fishery Bulletin of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 67(2): 337-345.

Zeidler, W. 1988. The European shore crab, Carcinus maenas in the Coorong- a potential threat to local fisheries. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 112: 181-182.